Fig. 9

Allee growth model with distributed parameter m (m-distributed Allee model). The initial distribution is truncated exponential on the interval m ∈ [0, 1]. Other parameters are c = 1, l = 1; the initial population size is N(0) = 0.2. a Time to escape is determined by the initial population composition, given by the parameter μ. In the months and even yeas preceding escape from dormancy we can observe a sustained decrease in population size. b Expected value of m increases simultaneously with population size, (c) as does variance Var ^t[m]. Noticeably, variance increases more gradually compared to the previous cases, and decreases slowly after the population reaches a steady state, compared to the l-distributed Allee model