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Fig. 5 | Biology Direct

Fig. 5

From: What can ecosystems learn? Expanding evolutionary ecology with learning theory

Fig. 5

Ecological dynamics after evolution in varying environmental conditions. The evolved ecosystem exhibits two attractor states (rightmost frames) that are reached from various initial species densities (leftmost frames). a Random initial species densities develop into one of two possible attractors corresponding to the patterns of forcing experienced in the evolutionary past. b Initial configurations that resemble a small part of E 1 (i and ii) or E 2 (iii and iv) develop into equilibria that fully recreate E 1 and E 2 respectively. c Initial configurations that are partially randomised versions of E 1 (i. 20 %, ii. 80 %) or E 2 (iii. 80 %, iv. 20 %) develop into equilibria that ‘repair’ the corresponding state. e For initial conditions between E 1 and E 2, (E 1:E 2 ratio = i.80:20, ii.55:45, iii.45:55 iv.20:80) the dynamics ‘recognise’ the pattern that is resembled most closely

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