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Fig. 4 | Biology Direct

Fig. 4

From: What can ecosystems learn? Expanding evolutionary ecology with learning theory

Fig. 4

Evolved interactions are identical to Hebbian interactions. Change in interactions between the first 16 species are shown. a-b Some of the competitive interaction coefficients are decreased by the direct effects of selection in E 1 and E 2, respectively. c The combined effect of selection in the two environments is that some interactions are decreased in both environments, some in only one environment and others in neither environment. This depicts the relative rate of change due to direct selection effects. d When normalising ecological constraints are taken into account, some interactions are decreased, some left unchanged, and others are increased. The resulting changes are identical to (e). e The result of Hebb’s rule applied to the interactions between the first 16 species summed over E 1 and E 2 (r is scaled to give the same mean magnitude as (d))

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