Figure 6

The number of evolved sequence classes (species) as a function of the mutation rate for five simulation series. For each series, simulations were initialized with a homogeneous population of different pre-evolved replicators. At some high mutation rate, the number of species drops to zero. This indicates that the system collapses because the mutation rate is above the error-threshold. Plots are not drawn for low mutation rates, because the number of species and their sequence patterns fluctuate in this region of the mutation rate. The red-colored plot is for the simulation series that are described in main text. For μ = 0.004, the system eventually evolved to the three species system (the C- and the A-catalyst, and the G-parasite) as explained in main text. The star depicted at μ = 0.004 designates the number of species at the metastable state (note that the phylogeny for μ = 0.004 in Fig. 2 is generated in this metastable state). The plot designated by (e) is for the simulation series that exhibited functional polymorphism without speciation (the details are explained in Additional file 2). In this plot, the dotted line denotes that the number of species can fluctuate between 2 and 3 (see also Additional file 2).